SKU: 75802243791

Roman Empire Constantine I AD 307-337 AE3 BI Nummus / ANGELS OF VICTORY NGC (23)

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Roman Empire Constantine I AD 307-337 AE3 BI Nummus / ANGELS OF VICTORY NGC (23)Roman Empire Constantine I AD 307 337 AE3 BI Nummus Obverse: Laureate, helmeted, cuirassed bust right. Reverse: Two Victories (Nikes) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT PR on cippus. In ancient Roman religion, Victoria or Victory was the personified goddess of victory. She is the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Nike, and was associated with Bellona. She was adapted from the Sabine agricultural goddess Vacuna and had



Roman Empire



Constantine I AD 307-337

AE3 BI  Nummus

Obverse: Laureate, helmeted, cuirassed bust
right.

Reverse: Two Victories (Nikes) standing, facing each other, together holding
shield reading VOT/PR on cippus.



In ancient Roman religion, Victoria or
Victory was the personified goddess of victory. She is the Roman equivalent of
the Greek goddess Nike, and was associated with Bellona. She was adapted from
the Sabine agricultural goddess Vacuna and had a temple on the Palatine Hill.
The goddess Vica Pota was also sometimes identified with Victoria.



Unlike the Greek Nike, the goddess Victoria (Latin for "victory") was a major
part of Roman society. Multiple temples were erected in her honor. When her
statue was removed in 382 CE by Emperor Gratianus there was much anger in Rome.
She was normally worshiped by triumphant generals returning from war.



Also unlike the Greek Nike, who was known for success in athletic games such as
chariot races, Victoria was a symbol of victory over death and determined who
would be successful during war.



Victoria appears widely on Roman coins, jewelry, architecture, and other arts.
She is often seen with or in a chariot, as in the late 18th-century sculpture
representing Victory in a quadriga on the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany;
"Il Vittoriano" in Rome has two.



Winged figures, very often in pairs, representing victory and referred to as
"victories", were common in Roman official iconography, typically hovering high
in a composition, and often filling spaces in spandrels or other gaps in
architecture. These represent the spirit of victory rather than the goddess
herself. They continued to appear after Christianization of the Empire, and
slowly mutated into Christian angels.



Constantine I 'The Great' - Roman Emperor:
307-337 A.D.



Caesar (Recognized): 306-309 A.D. | Filius Augustorum (Recognized): 309-310 A.D.
| Augustus (Self-Proclaimed): 307-310 A.D. | Augustus (Recognized): 310-337 A.D.
|



| Son of Constantius I 'Chlorus' and Helena | Step-son of Theodora | Husband of
Minervina and Fausta | Father (by Minervina) of Crispus and (by Fausta) of
Constantine II, Constantius II, Constans, Constantina (wife of Hanniballianus &
Constantius Gallus) and Helena the Younger (wife of Julian II) | Son-in-law of
Maximian and Eutropia | Brother-in-law of Maxentius | Half-brother of Constantia
(w. of Licinius I) | Half-uncle of Delmatius, Hanniballianus, Constantius
Gallus, Julian II, Licinius II and Nepotian | Grandfather of Constantia (wife of
Gratian) |



Constantine the Great (Latin: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus;
27 February c. 272 AD - 22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I or Saint
Constantine (in the Orthodox Church as Saint Constantine the Great,
Equal-to-the-Apostles), was a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. Constantine was
the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman army officer, and his consort
Helena. His father became Caesar, the deputy emperor in the west in 293 AD.
Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military
tribune under the emperors Diocletian and Galerius. In 305, Constantius was
raised to the rank of Augustus, senior western emperor, and Constantine was
recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia (Britain). Acclaimed as
emperor by the army at Eboracum (modern-day York) after his father's death in
306 AD, Constantine emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against the
emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of both west and east by
324 AD.



As emperor, Constantine enacted many administrative, financial, social, and
military reforms to strengthen the empire. The government was restructured and
civil and military authority separated. A new gold coin, the solidus, was
introduced to combat inflation. It would become the standard for Byzantine and
European currencies for more than a thousand years. The first Roman emperor to
claim conversion to Christianity, Constantine played an influential role in the
proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which decreed tolerance for
Christianity in the empire. He called the First Council of Nicaea in 325, at
which the Nicene Creed was professed by Christians. In military matters, the
Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile field units and garrison
soldiers capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions.
Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman
frontiers-the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths, and the Sarmatians-even
resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the
Third Century.



The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman
Empire. He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city
Constantinople after himself (the laudatory epithet of "New Rome" came later,
and was never an official title). It would later become the capital of the
Empire for over one thousand years; for which reason the later Eastern Empire
would come to be known as the Byzantine Empire. His more immediate political
legacy was that, in leaving the empire to his sons, he replaced Diocletian's
tetrarchy with the principle of dynastic succession. His reputation flourished
during the lifetime of his children and centuries after his reign. The medieval
church upheld him as a paragon of virtue while secular rulers invoked him as a
prototype, a point of reference, and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and
identity. Beginning with the Renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of
his reign due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Critics
portrayed him as a tyrant. Trends in modern and recent scholarship attempted to
balance the extremes of previous scholarship.



Constantine is a significant figure in the history of Christianity. The Church
of the Holy Sepulchre, built on his orders at the purported site of Jesus' tomb
in Jerusalem, became the holiest place in Christendom. The Papal claim to
temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the supposed Donation of
Constantine. He is venerated as a saint by Eastern Orthodox, Byzantine
Catholics, and Anglicans.








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SKU: 75802243791

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MGman
Chelsea, US
★★★★★ 5
Great toy
Color: Grey
My girl loves this toy. She has a lot of toys but this is her favorite. She is a 26 lb mini golden and we have had it over a year. It is just now starting to show wear. Once it is completely worn out I will buy it again!
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Reviewed in the United States on February 20, 2025
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Brent Schloer
Lexington, US
★★★★★ 5
Durable product.
Color: Grey
My dog loves it. Very durable.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 12, 2026
E
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EWF
Charlottesville, US
★★★★★ 1
15 Minutes….with update x2
Color: Orange
Within 15 minutes my 10-month old puppy had one of the moose antlers torn half off. I’ll see if he is able to destruct any more of this “indestructible” toy. If it holds up I’ll come back and upgrade the number of stars but for now…not impressed. UPDATE: Sadly he was able to rip it open via the appendages (the legs). The main body of the toy seems pretty tough but no dog is going to keep away from the legs. Downgrade to 1 star. UPDATE #2: I just received my second attempt at using this “indestructible” toy. This time I went with the rino since the legs are rope and not a sewn on leg. Well, in about 5 minutes my puppy had the horn torn and the horn provides direct access to the inside stuffing. As mentioned above, the legs are rope. The design was pretty smart in that both the front legs is one posted of rope going through a hole made in the stuffed toy. Same for the rear legs. This prevents the dog tearing them off and getting access to the stuffing. Sadly the horn being torn off right away makes this toy destructible. I think the only way they may be successful calling this an indestructible toy would be if they made a ball out of the body material or perhaps something in the shape of a bone.
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Reviewed in the United States on October 9, 2023
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Kat
Louisville, US
★★★★★ 4
AWESOME TOY for aggressive chewers
My 4 legged fur baby has only had for a few days. Now we’ve purchased several others in the past and he LOVES them. EXTREMELY durable. He is a dachshund and loves to destroy his toys. It’s almost like it’s a mission to see how fast to get the stuffing and squeakers out of his toys and can say he has been unable to destroy any. Now the reason I gave this only 4 stars is because the end of the tail has hair like material and he did start tearing this apart. Was finding the hair on his blanket and hanging out of his mouth. So I just trimmed the tail and he is back to loving on his toy. I would highly recommend this to anyone.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 2, 2021
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1Elley1
Lowell, US
★★★★★ 5
Cute and my dog loves it
My dog loves toys she can play rough with both her teeth and paws and this one was loved the second it came out of the packaging. We liked that the eyes are sewn patches so nothing to swallow if it detaches (other than the material). The knotted ropes that form it’s arms and legs actually move through the body from side to side, which makes tugging games fun and interesting. We also liked that there were no dangling easy-to-chew off bits, for example, the ears are tiny nubs so she can’t get them off with her teeth easily. The stuffing is also firm and full so it’s like a soft toy to cuddle up with but with rope limbs to sink her teeth into. She rates it highly.
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Reviewed in the United States on July 9, 2021

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